Boeing has long stood as one of the pillars of the global aviation industry. While its commercial airliners form the backbone of fleets worldwide, the US aerospace giant has also built some of the most capable and widely deployed military aircraft in modern service. From tankers and maritime patrol aircraft to strategic bombers and rotorcraft, Boeing’s defense portfolio spans the spectrum of airpower. Yet among its military platforms, few have proven as indispensable—or as uniquely capable—as the C-17 Globemaster III.
More than a decade after Boeing shut down the C-17 production line, renewed international interest is raising the prospect—however tentative—of a potential restart. With defense budgets rising across Europe, the Middle East, and the Indo-Pacific, and as geopolitical tensions reshape military planning, the heavy-lift transport aircraft has once again come into focus. The question now is whether the business case, industrial base, and strategic demand align strongly enough to bring the Globemaster back into production.
The C-17’s origins date back to the 1980s, when the United States Air Force (USAF) sought a replacement for aging C-141 Starlifters and a supplement to the larger C-5 Galaxy. The requirement called for a strategic airlifter capable of carrying heavy payloads across intercontinental distances while retaining the tactical flexibility to operate from short and austere runways—something previous large transports struggled to achieve.
Developed by McDonnell Douglas, the C-17 made its maiden flight in September 1991 and entered USAF service in January 1995. Its combination of strategic range, tactical landing capability, and outsized cargo capacity set it apart. In 1997, Boeing acquired McDonnell Douglas, inheriting the program and continuing production at the Long Beach, California facility.
Over the next two decades, the Globemaster III became the backbone of US strategic airlift. It transported armored vehicles, helicopters, artillery, humanitarian supplies, and troops across continents. It played central roles in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, supported NATO missions in Europe, and delivered disaster relief supplies following earthquakes, tsunamis, and hurricanes around the globe.
But despite its operational success, production faced headwinds. By the early 2010s, the USAF’s planned procurement had largely been fulfilled. Budget pressures intensified following the 2011 Budget Control Act, which mandated significant reductions in US defense spending. In its 2010 budget request, the Department of Defense stated bluntly that it did not require additional C-17 aircraft and intended to end production.
With no major new US orders and only a handful of international deliveries remaining, Boeing began winding down the line in 2013. The final main wing spar was completed in 2014, and the last C-17 rolled off the assembly line in 2015, marking the end of 22 years of manufacturing in Long Beach.
The renewed interest in the C-17 stems largely from a simple reality: no other Western-built aircraft combines its heavy-lift capacity, range, and short-field performance.
The Globemaster III can carry up to 164,900 pounds (74,797 kilograms) of payload. Powered by four Pratt & Whitney PW2040 (F117-PW-100) turbofan engines producing 40,440 pounds of thrust each, the aircraft can transport massive loads—such as an M1 Abrams main battle tank—over 4,500 nautical miles. With no payload, it has a range of approximately 6,230 nautical miles.
Crucially, it can operate from runways as short as 3,500 feet and as narrow as 90 feet. That ability allows it to deliver heavy equipment directly into remote or semi-prepared airfields near operational theaters, reducing reliance on vulnerable ground convoys or transshipment hubs.
By comparison, the Airbus A400M Atlas and Embraer C-390 Millennium—often cited as alternatives—occupy different niches. The A400M was designed as a bridge between the C-130 Hercules and the C-17, offering improved payload and range over legacy tactical transports. However, its payload capacity, roughly 30,000 pounds over 2,400 nautical miles in certain mission profiles, falls well short of the C-17’s heavy-lift capability. It excels in tactical roles but cannot transport the heaviest armored vehicles or oversized equipment that define strategic lift requirements.
The C-390 Millennium, a twin-engine jet transport often described as a modernized, jet-powered C-130 equivalent, similarly lacks the capacity for the largest payloads. While efficient and versatile for medium-lift missions, it is not a substitute for the Globemaster in strategic heavy transport.
As a result, the C-17 remains in a class of its own among Western platforms.
The global security environment has shifted significantly since production ended. Russia’s war in Ukraine has underscored the importance of rapid strategic mobility, as NATO nations have transported armored vehicles, artillery systems, and ammunition across Europe at unprecedented rates. In the Indo-Pacific, tensions surrounding Taiwan and broader regional competition have driven countries to reassess logistics and force projection capabilities. Meanwhile, instability in the Middle East continues to demand rapid deployment options.
In this context, heavy airlift has regained prominence. Several nations that did not secure C-17 orders before the line closed have reportedly expressed regret. During the 2025 Paris Air Show, Boeing Global Services–Government Services Vice President and General Manager Turbo Sjogren confirmed that “early infancy” discussions were underway with at least one country regarding renewed procurement.
Sjogren has previously noted that multiple customers “wish they had acquired it at the time,” suggesting latent demand that was never fully realized before the line’s closure. While Boeing has not publicly identified the interested nations, Japan has in the past indicated interest in acquiring at least one C-17, and Saudi Arabia reportedly came close to placing an order before production ended.
The potential pool of buyers may include countries seeking to expand strategic autonomy, strengthen rapid deployment capabilities, or support humanitarian operations in remote regions.
Despite the interest, restarting C-17 production would be far from simple.
Boeing no longer maintains an active manufacturing line for the aircraft. The Long Beach facility was shut down and later put up for sale in 2018. Key tooling, supplier networks, and workforce expertise have dispersed. Reconstituting this industrial base would require substantial capital investment.
A 2013 RAND Corporation study estimated that restarting production could cost close to $8 billion, assuming up to 150 improved and more fuel-efficient aircraft were built at a new facility. However, current expressions of interest appear to involve dozens of aircraft at most, not hundreds. That smaller production run would significantly increase per-unit costs, raising concerns about economic viability.
Building a new assembly line would require securing facilities, reestablishing supply chains, and potentially redesigning elements of the aircraft to reflect modern avionics, efficiency standards, and survivability requirements. Even if certain production assets were preserved, relocating and integrating them into a new site would take years.
There is also the issue of technological evolution. The USAF is studying future airlift concepts under initiatives such as Next-Generation Airlift (NGAL), including blended-wing-body designs and aircraft optimized for contested environments. While the C-17 is highly capable, it was not designed with low observability or advanced survivability features tailored to modern anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) threats.
Any restart could potentially involve updated avionics, improved fuel efficiency, or other enhancements. But such modifications would add further development costs and certification requirements.
A crucial factor in any restart would likely be US participation. The USAF operates 222 of the approximately 279 C-17s produced, making it by far the largest customer. In total, around 275 aircraft remain active worldwide, with only one lost in an accident.
Outside the United States, 52 aircraft are operated by Australia (8), Canada (5), Hungary under NATO’s Strategic Airlift Capability (3), India (11), Kuwait (2), Qatar (8), the United Arab Emirates (8), and the United Kingdom (8).
The USAF’s fleet has been heavily utilized over the past two decades, supporting operations in Afghanistan, humanitarian evacuations, Ukraine-related logistics, and Indo-Pacific deployments. This sustained tempo has accelerated airframe wear and increased maintenance demands.
While the Air Force has not formally announced plans to procure additional C-17s, discussions about fleet sustainment and service life extension are ongoing. Boeing is currently engaged in extension and modernization programs to keep the aircraft viable into the 2060s or even 2070.
If the USAF were to commit to even a modest additional order, it could significantly strengthen the business case for reopening production. Conversely, without US participation, a restart would rely entirely on foreign orders—an inherently riskier proposition.
Beyond combat operations, the C-17 has repeatedly demonstrated its value in humanitarian crises. Its ability to land on short runways and rapidly unload large quantities of relief supplies makes it uniquely suited for disaster response. Earthquakes, floods, and other emergencies often damage infrastructure, leaving only limited airfields available. The Globemaster’s performance characteristics allow it to bridge that gap.
The aircraft also supports aeromedical evacuation missions, special operations, and multinational exercises. Its widespread operator base enhances interoperability among allied forces, facilitating joint missions and shared logistics frameworks.
For smaller air forces, even a small fleet of C-17s can dramatically expand strategic reach. India’s 11 aircraft, for example, have enabled rapid troop deployments along contested borders and long-range humanitarian missions. The Royal Australian Air Force’s fleet supports operations across the vast Indo-Pacific region.
For now, a production restart remains speculative. Boeing has acknowledged early discussions but no formal contracts have been signed. The economic, logistical, and strategic challenges are substantial.
Any decision would depend on confirmed orders sufficient to justify multi-billion-dollar investment, clarity on production location, and alignment with long-term airlift strategies among key operators. If these conditions are met, the C-17 could see a second life on the production line—an unusual but not unprecedented move in aerospace history.
If not, the existing fleet will continue to shoulder global heavy-lift requirements. With modernization and sustainment efforts underway, the Globemaster III is expected to remain in frontline service until at least 2070.
In a world marked by rapid military mobilization, humanitarian crises, and intensifying geopolitical competition, the value of strategic airlift has rarely been clearer. Whether Boeing ultimately reopens the line or not, the C-17 Globemaster III has already secured its legacy as one of the most important military transport aircraft of the modern era—and one whose relevance endures well beyond the end of its original production run.
