The U.S. Air Force has received its 127th—and currently final—QF-16 full-scale aerial target (FSAT), closing a major chapter in one of the service’s most unusual but essential test and evaluation programs. Boeing Defense marked the milestone with a commemorative video featuring interviews with engineers, technicians, and program leaders who shepherded the F-16-to-drone conversion effort over its 15-year lifespan.
The QF-16 program began taking shape in the mid-2000s as the Air Force sought to replace its aging fleet of QF-4 Phantom II targets. Surplus F-16A and F-16C airframes, many approaching the end of their operational life, were identified as ideal candidates for conversion into optionally piloted drones capable of mimicking modern fighter threats. After a competitive tender, Boeing secured a $69.7 million production contract in 2010, initiating what would evolve into one of the most technically ambitious FSAT programs ever undertaken.
A QF-16 conducted the program’s first unmanned flight in 2012, and after several years of rigorous testing, the Air Force declared initial operating capability (IOC) in 2016—just as the venerable QF-4 fleet was retired. Designed to replicate contemporary adversary performance, the QF-16 preserved much of the original F-16’s flight envelope, including supersonic speed, 9G maneuverability, and operational ceilings of up to 55,000 feet. This allowed the aircraft to serve as an exceptionally realistic surrogate for training and missile-testing scenarios.
Although FSATs are expendable assets—many are intentionally destroyed during live-fire exercises—not all QF-16 missions end in a fireball. Many conduct non-destructive flights and return for reuse, extending the fleet’s service life. Boeing estimates it will continue supporting the QF-16 inventory for another 5 to 10 years, depending on attrition rates and operational demand. Alongside the QF-16, the Department of Defense also relies on smaller purpose-built targets such as the BQM-167A and BQM-177A for lower-cost training and weapons testing.
The final aircraft from the conversion line, designated QF-127, carries the original serial number 83-1079. Delivered new in 1984 as an F-16A, the jet once belonged to the North Dakota Air National Guard’s 178th Fighter Squadron, the “Happy Hooligans.” After its retirement from frontline service, it was transferred to the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG) in January 2007. Even in its new role as an unmanned target, the aircraft still bears faint traces of its past, including “Roughrider Country” and “North Dakota” markings on the fuselage—ghosts of its operational lineage.
AMARG acknowledged the aircraft’s departure with a social media post on November 21, 2025, marking another airframe’s transition from long-term storage to a new, expendable mission.
Early conversions were conducted at Cecil Airport in Jacksonville, Florida, before Boeing opened a second line at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in 2020 to streamline work on airframes already stored in the adjacent “Boneyard.” The Florida facility closed in 2022 as the program consolidated at Davis-Monthan. Operational QF-16s now serve with the 82nd Aerial Targets Squadron, headquartered at Tyndall AFB, Florida, with additional operations at Holloman AFB, New Mexico.
Converting a stored F-16 into a QF-16 drone typically takes about six months. AMARG’s initial storage processes, which remove components such as the radar and M61 Vulcan cannon, simplify early steps. Engineers add ballast to compensate for absent systems and install a smoke-generating Visual Augmentation System in the cannon bay to improve visibility for range observers. The ACES II ejection seat remains intact, allowing the aircraft to fly with a pilot when necessary.
Additional modifications include an Automatic Flight Control Computer for unmanned flight, new antennas for the Vector Scoring System that tracks missile engagement accuracy, and a Flight Termination System designed to destroy the aircraft instantly if control is lost or safety is jeopardized. The FTS was extensively tested to ensure predictable breakup patterns within safe boundaries.
Over the years, QF-16s have faced a wide array of U.S. missiles—from AIM-9 Sidewinders and AIM-120 AMRAAMs to Stingers and even the new AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile (JATM). Many have fulfilled their ultimate purpose, breaking apart in midair to validate the effectiveness of America’s most advanced weapons.
Whether the Air Force continues converting manned fighters into FSATs remains uncertain. As unmanned technologies mature, purpose-built drones could eventually take over roles historically filled by aircraft like the QF-16. But for now, the final converted F-16 stands as a symbolic end to a program that bridged generations of fighter technology—turning Cold War airframes into indispensable tools for the next era of aerial warfare.
