Sub-Saharan Africa faces persistent security challenges, particularly in Sahel countries like Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger, Mauritania, and Mali. Discontent with state institutions among marginalized groups is a key driver of unrest in the region, as governments fail to address equity issues and inclusive growth.

Institutional failures aggravate feelings of exclusion, as some groups are denied rights, opportunities, or resources that may be available to other segments. Conflict is often concentrated near national borders, where there are limited public services, fostering feelings of exclusion. These conflict-prone hotspots pose significant security and stability risks to both affected and neighboring countries.

Conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa, such as the recent civil war in Ethiopia, long-running conflicts in South Sudan and the Central African Republic, and extremism-driven conflicts in the Sahel and northern Mozambique, are driven by social, political, and economic exclusion.

A new exclusion index reveals that mitigating violent conflict requires a comprehensive approach to address various forms of exclusion. Fostering relationships between people and governments that ensure justice and equitable public service delivery is crucial for sustainable peace and social cohesion.

Poverty and underdevelopment may not cause conflict, but social and economic exclusion can exacerbate these issues, creating a breeding ground for armed groups. Climate change and food insecurity are also contributing factors.

The security crisis has dire consequences, requiring humanitarian assistance, improved security expenditures, and combating terrorism financing. However, addressing exclusion simultaneously may not suffice, as efforts may fall short if the issue is not addressed simultaneously. The challenges require immediate intervention.