As New Zealand cities evolve to accommodate denser housing, a concerning trend is emerging: urban green spaces are shrinking. While New Zealand’s cities are relatively small compared to global metropolises, their green space, though reasonable in total, is under pressure from rapid urban development. New research highlights complex relationships between urban intensification and the availability of green spaces, revealing significant losses of greenery over recent decades. This trend has particularly impacted private land due to subdivisions and increased paving of residential lots. Compounding this issue is the uneven distribution of green spaces both between and within cities.
For residents of these cities, the loss of green spaces is troubling, especially since surveys indicate urban dwellers place high value on green spaces for recreation, socializing, and cultural practices. Moreover, these green areas are vital to human health and wellbeing, offering a natural refuge in a fast-urbanizing world. As New Zealand contends with the housing crisis, the competition for space means green spaces are often left out of the equation—an oversight with wide-ranging consequences for urban resilience, particularly in the face of increasing climate-related events like flooding.
Green Spaces in Urban Resilience
The devastating effects of Cyclone Gabrielle and the 2023 floods underscored the critical role green spaces play in fostering urban resilience. Approximately 13% of New Zealand’s population resides in flood-prone areas, and this proportion will likely grow as the frequency of floods increases due to climate change. These events have prompted city planners and policymakers to focus on the idea of “sponge cities,” an urban design concept that leverages parks, gardens, and other green infrastructure to manage stormwater and mitigate floods.
Green spaces serve as a buffer during heavy rainfalls, absorbing excess water that would otherwise inundate homes and businesses. They offer a flexible, natural solution compared to hard infrastructure like drainage systems, which, while essential, can struggle to handle the increasing intensity of extreme weather events. To fully capitalize on these benefits, green spaces must be carefully integrated into cityscapes, positioned in flood-prone areas such as valleys and low-lying neighborhoods where water can safely accumulate.
However, the simple existence of green space on the fringes of a city or in its steep green belts is insufficient. Accessibility is key. Green spaces need to be within reach of urban populations if they are to serve as effective tools for resilience. Yet, as New Zealand’s cities grapple with a housing crisis, the pressure to build more homes often takes precedence over maintaining or developing new green spaces, especially in areas where land is scarce or prohibitively expensive.
Impact of Urban Intensification on Green Spaces
Urban intensification, a policy response to New Zealand’s housing shortage, has inadvertently led to a decrease in the amount of private green space. The conversion of large residential lots into smaller subdivisions has been a major driver of this trend. For instance, in Auckland, the amount of private green space per person dropped by 20% between 1980 and 2016. With forecasted population growth in most cities, these losses are expected to become even more pronounced in the coming decades.
This reduction in green space not only affects the aesthetic and recreational value of neighborhoods but also exacerbates existing inequities. Research shows that wealthier suburbs typically enjoy more green space per person than lower-income areas, resulting in unequal access to the health and wellbeing benefits these spaces provide. For example, in Wellington, urban areas boast double the tree cover compared to Auckland and Hamilton. Even within the same city, green space availability can vary dramatically. Some suburbs in Hamilton have up to eight times more green space than others, while in Wellington, green space availability varies drastically between neighborhoods that are only a few kilometers apart.
These disparities are concerning given that 87% of New Zealand’s population lives in urban areas. The uneven distribution of green spaces aligns with international trends, where affluent areas tend to have better access to parks and gardens, leading to improved health and social outcomes. In contrast, economically disadvantaged communities, which often have fewer green spaces, experience poorer health and higher levels of stress, a phenomenon known as “environmental inequality.”
Ecosystem Services and Social Vulnerability
The loss of green spaces and their unequal distribution has broader implications beyond aesthetics and recreation. Urban green spaces provide essential ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation, air quality improvement, and temperature regulation through shading. Research in Christchurch has shown that residents in economically and socially vulnerable neighborhoods have access to fewer of these ecosystem services. In contrast, wealthier areas enjoy a greater array of natural benefits, contributing to healthier living conditions.
Flooding, in particular, poses a significant threat to vulnerable communities. Green spaces act as natural sponges, absorbing water and reducing the risk of floods. However, as these spaces disappear or become less accessible, vulnerable residents are left without adequate protection. The reduction of private gardens, lawns, and other permeable surfaces due to urban intensification only exacerbates this problem. Central Wellington, for example, has one of the highest rates of paved surfaces in public spaces, a trend mirrored on private lots where gardens are increasingly replaced with driveways or courtyards.
This shift toward hard surfaces is more than just an aesthetic issue; it reduces the land’s ability to absorb rainwater, increasing the risk of flooding. The more impermeable surfaces a city has, the more strain is placed on its drainage systems, which may struggle to cope with the increasing severity of weather events linked to climate change. Addressing these challenges will require a rethink of how cities incorporate green spaces into their planning.
Strategic Solutions for Urban Green Spaces
Given the critical role green spaces play in urban resilience and public health, it is essential that they are treated as vital urban assets. To ensure that green spaces remain accessible and effective, they must be protected and enhanced through robust policy initiatives. Currently, the protection of green spaces varies greatly between local councils, with some cities doing more than others to safeguard these natural areas.
Our research suggests several key actions to reverse the trend of green space loss and ensure their equitable distribution:
- Prioritizing Green Spaces in Urban Policy: Urban green spaces should be considered essential to the wellbeing of all residents and as an integral part of climate adaptation strategies. Councils must develop and implement policies that protect and expand green spaces, particularly in high-density urban areas. Existing policies can be strengthened to ensure consistent protection across all cities.
- Reversing the Loss of Private Green Space: Local governments cannot be expected to compensate for the loss of private green spaces due to urban subdivisions. National policies must require the provision of adequate green infrastructure as part of urban intensification efforts. This could involve setting minimum green space standards for new developments or incentivizing green roofs and walls in higher-density areas.
- Investing in Maintenance and Development: Councils must continue to invest in both the creation and maintenance of green spaces, despite the financial pressures of urban growth. Deferred maintenance is a significant issue in many parks, affecting their accessibility and usability, particularly for people with mobility challenges. Well-maintained green spaces offer a wide range of benefits, from improved physical and mental health to enhanced urban resilience against climate change.
- Innovative Urban Design Solutions: Green spaces can be integrated into urban environments creatively, even in densely populated areas. For example, green roofs and vertical gardens can provide greenery without requiring additional land. Public spaces can be redesigned to incorporate more natural elements, such as rain gardens, which help absorb stormwater and reduce flooding risks.
- Addressing Inequities in Green Space Distribution: To tackle environmental inequality, councils and policymakers must ensure that all residents have access to green spaces, regardless of where they live. This may involve redistributing resources to create new parks in underserved areas or improving the accessibility and quality of existing green spaces in lower-income neighborhoods.
As New Zealand’s cities continue to grow and densify, the preservation and expansion of urban green spaces must be a top priority. These spaces are not just nice-to-have amenities but essential components of a healthy, resilient urban environment. The loss of green spaces, especially in lower-income and vulnerable communities, threatens to exacerbate existing social and environmental inequalities.
Strategic urban planning, backed by strong policy initiatives, can ensure that New Zealand’s cities remain green, sustainable, and resilient in the face of climate change and urban growth. The future of New Zealand’s cities depends on how well we balance the need for housing with the need to protect and enhance our green spaces, which are vital to the wellbeing of both people and the planet.
